A store-bought hyacinth repotted into one of my home-made clay pots, helps boost my spirits. My bulbs won’t be ready to force for a few weeks so a cheat bulb here and there is OK, don’t you think? It’s scent is transformative on a January day.

After a 6 inch early January snowfall, as soon as the sun strikes the glass things begin to warm up the first South African bulbs, and mid-season camellias share their show with a colder one, outdoors.

Inside, it’s a bit like summer, which still amazed me. This is the magic one dreams of when one owns a greenhouse. Jasmine vines, lemons and other citrus here are blooming and fruiting as icy snow from the trees behind the greenhouse, falls onto the glass making a threatening noises. I know that I will have to remove those trees next year, as they are getting too large, and too fragile (they are Hemlock trees weak and suffering from the Wooly adelgid infestation). That loquat tree in the center is in full bloom.

Outside, the apple espalier trees are snug as a bug, sleeping under a new layer of powdery snow. These trees will be pruned in February, so for now, they look a bit shaggy with their long stems.

It’s about 5 degrees outside, so even with a bright blue sky and sunshine, the snow on the greenhouse from last nights storm, is slow to thaw and melt. What has melted, refreezes on the sides. It always looks dangerous, but rarely will the snow build up more than a couple of inches, before it slides off.

Inside, the glass defrosts around 10 am, and for about 4 hours, the sunshine warms things up enough, and temperatures can reach 60 degrees. This Nerine sarniensis cross enjoys a sunny Sunday with no idea that on the other side of the glass, temperatures are 60 degrees colder.

On a high bench near the eaves of the greenhouse, where it is warmer, are a few blooming cuttings from a double Nasturtium known as ‘Hermine Grashoff’ – it cannot be raised from seed, as it is sterile, so collectors must propagate it vegetatively. The ice on the curved eaves is on the other side of the glass.

Camellias are the work horses in old greenhouses, thriving in the cold, damp spaces sometimes under benches or in large clay tubs. This Japanese variegated variety (lost tag again!), is lovely, and I was surprised to see so many blossoms on the plant. Each year my camellias blooms in a slightly different way, sometimes earlier, sometimes later, but most peak in February, around Valentines day.

The exhibition chrysanthemums are just about done for the season, and this how the pots should look for a month or two. Set under benches to spend their winter, a few cuttings could be struck even now, but most will be allowed to sprout stronger stems in February when things begin to warm, and these mother plants ( or stools)  will be discarded.

The first pots of Dutch bulbs have been moved to upper benches to force for winter blooms indoors, but the South African bulbs are entering their peak growth period. Every year, the bulb benches look slightly different, which maybe is a good thing. Here you can see Babiana species  (bottom left and center) Another pink Nerine sarniensis of unknown parentage, a precious primula x Kewiness (the plant with the silvery leaves in the center) and some Lacehenalia (with the speckled foliage) on the right, to name a few.

This is a new plant for me – a rare selection of the South African bulb Velteimia  bracteata. This is a form named with the unfortunately boring name ‘Cream Form’. It is available from Telos Rare Bulbs but as most good plants are,  it isn’t cheap. I  think I now have 4 selections in my collections, V. ‘rose-alba’  (which looks like this bloom, but much smaller), V. ‘Yellow Flame’ (once rare, but becoming more available), The classic pink form and this ‘Cream Form’. I still need V. capensis, but not sure that that it would enjoy the cool environment here.

Veltheimia ‘ Cream Form’, showing the overall size of the plant. It is much larger than all of my other selections, and the foliage isn’t rippled or wavy.

I always have enjoyed the winter blooming Kalanchoe species, particularly K. uniflora. This specimen should be in bloom within a few weeks and I can’t wait for its warm, coral colored blooms which will last all winter.

A view of the front bulb bench, with a few tuberous tropaeolum beginning to vine around a balloon trellis, just about exactly like images in those 19th century gardening books.Of course, parlors in those days were wood fire heated, and allowed to drop down to 40 degrees at night, so the environment indoors made their indoor culture more successful.

This variegated lemon is extraordinary – it has pinkish fruit as well! Nearly ripe, I anticipate a very interesting marmalade this year.

The white marble was installed in the kitchen this week. I guess this project is about half complete. The painted cabinets in the back still need to be replaced and basically, everything that you can see here, is still the old kitchen. Maybe by June?

On the new side of the kitchen, I was able to spend some time with vintage books on the new concrete table top.  Having a new place to work and research is so delightful. It was a perfect way to spend a snowy January day.

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Mandarin oranges are a seasonal treat around the Holiday season but have you ever wondered why?

(I apologize if you had tried to read this post earlier in the week, somehow I accidentally deleted it. I had to rewrite it but this time, I kept it much shorter.).

Christmas time and Mandarin oranges – it’s a pairing that started long before there branded varieties marketed under catchy brand names such as ‘Cutie’s’ and ‘Halo’s’, even before there were clementines. the truth is that these sweet, easy-to-peel citrus have a far more interesting story than simple being seedless tangerines.

Those stories from your grandparents about getting an orange in their Christmas stocking and being thrilled about has some truth to it. They weren’t just telling tales. Of course, that lump of coal was something else.

Mandarin oranges have a long history in Asia where their juicy sweetness brightened up the winter months, but across North America and Europe, the Mandarin changed how cold-weather folk thought about winter fruit.

 It all began in the mid 1800’s when ships arriving from Japan and the Philippines brought crates of imported Mandarins into the ports on the west coast of the US.These crates of sweet Mandarins then traveled via train to the big East coast cities.  So popular around Christmastime, that local papers from Toronto to New York City often announced their arrival with headlines like ”Japanese Oranges Arrive Just in Time For Christmas!’.

My father remembers as a four year old child in 1918 receiving sweet Mandarins in his Christmas stocking (his brothers once told me that he would hide them under his bed so that his other 7 brothers wouldn’t find them).

Trains were often painted promoting the arrival of the Mandarins. This began in the 1920’s but continued into the 1970’s as seen here.

Today, we are seeing a resurgence of Mandarin appreciation, with the introduction of new varieties, marketed under catchy brand names like ‘Cuties’ and Halo’s. The true Mandarin though is larger, and not unlike apples, encompass a whole group of named varieties which share the loose skin and easy-to-peel characteristics.

In Japan, the choicest varieties are known as the ‘Satsuma’ type. But understanding the various classes of Mandarins is a skill few of us really need to know or master, but why not try to explain the various differences? It’s just what I like to do!

Here are the several classes of Mandarin Oranges:

Class I – Mandarin (One class is actually called – Mandarin)
This class includes the varieties named ‘Changsa’, ‘Emperor’, ‘Oneco’ and ‘Willow-Leaf’ or China Mandarin’.

Class II – Tangerines:
This class includes: ‘Cleopatra’ , Ponki’, ‘Spice’, ‘Dancy’, ‘Ponkan’, ‘Sunburst’ (the Tangelo)

Class II – Satsuma Orange: Includes varieties of Satsuma such as ‘Owari’, Wase’, Kara’ and King Tangor. There are many hybrids as well.

Mandarin oranges in my greenhouse are just beginning to ripen. This variety is once that I purchases a few years ago from Logee’s Greenhouses named ‘Gold Nugget’. It is much larger than the catalog description, as it is not 5 feet tall, but it bears plenty of large, easy-to-peel fruit every winter. They rarely make it out of the greenhouse, though!

The very choice ‘Satsuma’ Mandarin has an easy-to-peel skin, is seedless and has a flavor unbeat in the citrus world. Their short season in December makes them something to look forward to around the holidays.

Old Christmas cards often featured festive greenery and oranges.

While researching for images and stories, I discovered this blog – InkwellInsirations by a Canadian writers group with a post  written by Anita Mae Draper entitled “What happened to Christmas Oranges?”. The images are terrific, and the newspaper clippings are even better.

For me, the Mandarin orange is tops. Tangelos and honey tangelos are a top favorite in January, but he December Satsuma is king.  Nothing beats a good, sweet, juicy easy-to-peel Satsuma Mandarin – seedless, with flavor that could almost be artificial (but in a good way! Like the tangerine Life Savors), but in the end, I think that its the nostalgia and history that makes the Mandarin so appealing (sorry!).

A fresh, easy to peel sweet orange must have been a real treat at a time before there were motor cars or even sushi chefs at every supermarket. Certainly worthy of a cherished place within a Christmas stocking on Christmas eve. SO this year, celebrate the Mandarin and be thankful that they are still a festive Holiday treat, even 150 years later.

Cultural Note: If you do find some seeds in those Clementines, forget about trying to grow them into full-grown trees. They won’t come true, and the resulting plants will just be thorny shrubs. I know some blogs are suggesting that you can raise your own from seed, but with citrus, that just is impossible unless it is a pure, wild species, and few if any of those are edible. But if you want to grow some citrus seeds with your kids, definitely do that – it’s how I first started growing plants! By the time I reached college age, those grapefruit plants that I started in first grade where taller than I was – but still no blossoms or fruit. They did their job, though!

Happy Christmas everyone!

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Vintage Japanese lanterns illuminate the greenhouse last Friday night as we celebrated the peak bloom of my exhibition and Japanese Chrysanthemum collection. There were only four of us for cocktails, but I felt that I had to do something to celebrate these amazing, vintage and nearly forgotten late autumn and early winter flowers so rarely seen anymore.

Time for this years’ chrysanthemum photos, as clearly, I have not had the time to write a proper post given an unusually busy fall for me. If you missed my Martha Stewart Living magazine feature this November, I have provided a link here to the on-line version. I felt that I should at least share some of this years mums, since I did spend so much time training them throughout the summer, and because no one gets to see them if they just stay in my greenhouse all fall and winter! (me, included – since I am a bit overwhelmed with a kitchen remodel and other responsibilities for a bit.).

I obviously have not been posting as frequently lately, and I apologize to you if you have been sitting patiently by your computer waiting for a post (right!). Mostly, I have been consumed with a remodeling project at home – one which began as a kitchen tweak, but has grown into basically a ‘half-of-a-house’ remodel. I need to accept that it won’t be complete by Christmas and just move forward, but for now, I am surrounded by plaster dust, 100 year old horsehair plaster dust, and brand new plaster dust.

Not to mention wires and lath hanging from he ceiling, holes in the floor and everything that comes with a remodel. If you’ve ever survived one in an old house, you know what I am dealing with. I could reeeeally use some decompression time in the greenhouse right now as well, but my day job as an elf for Santa also gets a little hectic this time of year, not to mention other governance dates with a couple of board positions, committees, plant society positions and everything that comes with end-of-year campaigns. I think I really need to take some time for myself this Holiday season, but until then, I do owe you all a post, even if it is brief.

On sunny days, the greenhouse still can get pretty warm, but the short day length stimulates these chrysanthemums to bloom. Their long bloom period can last nearly 2 months under glass, one can see why greenhouse and exhibition mums were once so popular and essential in Victorian and earlier glass houses and conservatory displays.

The chrysanthemums this season in the greenhouse at home are spectacular. They are so fragrant too, which surprised me, as I am trying a few new varieties, as well as many old ones. Again, these are not common garden mums, but rather, conservatory chrysanthemums – we really don’t know what to call them, as they are a somewhat endangered type of non-commercial, non-hardy chrysanthemum which a hundred years ago or so, was so popular as a fall and winter flower, but today, have evolved into what most of us know as ‘pot-mums’ or ‘hardy cushion mums’. They are neither, but rather chrysanthemums which are either trained to single stems to increase their bloom size or grown and disbanded to perfection.

Immensely popular and culturally significant in Asia, as well as in Mexico where they still play an important part in Day of the Dead celebrations, in the rest of the world, these conservatory plants of the late short-day seasons, have virtually been forgotten. And it’s no wonder, since home greenhouses are not common by any means, and estates with conservatories where displays could be raised and set up, are just about exitinct as well.  So exhibition chrysanthemums or Japanese chrysanthemums will probably always remain a novelty – something to be viewed on rare occasions at the few botanical gardens who may bother to raise them, or in Asia (China, Korea and Japan) where they have more importance.

The chrysanthemums in this print by Charles Courtney Curran shows how important chrysanthemums once were in turn of the century conservatory displays. I like how he captured the correct light and colors as are in my greenhouse in late November.

Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries however, and a bit into the early 20th century, the tall, trained greenhouse or exhibition chrysanthemum was the choicest fall blooming plant. Local flower farmers and florists raised them, since air travel limited choices, and the fact that they only form buds and bloom in the autumn and short days of early winter meant that they were naturally designed for that season. Today, one can find vintage Holiday cards with mums on them, and images of impressive displays at museums, public gardens and private estates where the chrysanthemum reigned until late December.

Now, only a handful of us bother to raise them. Maybe it’s just out of nostalgia, or perhaps because of their rarity, or their history – which dates back hundreds of years to the 14 century (as the chrysanthemum was the first plant to be raised as a potted plant by the Chinese) – there is just something captivating about a plant which has fascinated mankind for so long, and it seems tragic that so few today understand or appreciate their cultural DNA.

Over commercialized and hybridized into dwarft, meaningless potted plants at hospital gift shops, or a cheap, sterile cut flowers at the supermarket, – even as carefully timed and growth retarded mounds of mums as standard fall decor at farm stands, the Chrysanthemum seems to have lost its connection with its audience, which is a shame, yet perhaps just a reality of modern life (no home greenhouses and conservatories, little interest or knowledge on how to raise them, and yes – only one source on where to find them commercially in the US – Kings Mums.

This year I trained some different styles of chysanthemums in traditional methods using bamboo and wire. A long process, the cascades often required the most training. These brush-style forms,a  variety called Saga Nishiki is a favorite in Japan and with collectors but is rarely trained into a cascade (I accidentally did it! But they look OK as this is a difficult form to train and display.

If you wish to raise these as garden plants, only a very few will bloom in time before frost, as they would require shading each evening in August to promote early bud formation, or a carefully selected early blooming variety. These are not exactly the same type of mum as standard hardy garden mums, not the same as truly hardy perennial types – all have their merits, but they are indeed different selections.

This anemone form is variety called ‘Daybreak’.

Perhaps the most impressive are the varieties from Great Britain, those bred by a well know chrysanthemum enthusiast – Ivor Mace. This one is one from his collection – ‘Salmon Harry Gee’, a variety rarely seen in North America.

I will say that you could try raising these plants, but be forewarned that to achieve results like this, you should make the effort to at least disband, pinch and train a bit based on whatever of the 13 classes or different type of mum you buy, to at least, try to get a result that meets why one selected the variety in the first place.

One could raise, let’s say an ‘formal incurve’ or a spider mum from a cutting purchased at Kings and set out into the garden or in a large container in late May, and train the plant minimally (pinching every few weeks, and keeping the plant well staked and fertilized), and then dig it up just before frost and bring it onto an unheated porch or deck with protection, and have amazing flowers by Halloween – that is possible, and something I would encourage many of you to try.

Step-by-step directions are something I should probably prepare for this, right?

‘Gillette” is a large, white mums – this one has a little decay on it – too damp in my greenhouse and I didn’t keep the vents open this autumn.

Cascade style chrysanthemums have weaker stems, which can be strategically trained through careful pinching techniques to a shape not unlike a waterfall.  This variety, ‘Bronze Fleece’ is a particularly nice one for cascades, and it is fragrant too!

‘George Couchman’ trained into a pyramid form, once very popular in Victorian conservatory displays. These are the blooms that one would associate with the Holiday season at one time.

Training chrysanthemums into bonsai is also popular with enthusiasts in Japan. This was my first attempt at training a grove, using the variety ‘Kotoi No Kaori’. Not perfect, but not bad I think as a first attempt.

Last year I started collecting vintage early and mid 20th century paper Japanese paper lanterns (mostly American-style ones, which are kind-of funny with 1950’s graphics). I illuminated some near evening, to see what they would look like imagining what a greenhouse in 1900 might have looked like.

En masse in the greenhouse, these mums look the best. Somehow, all of the odd colors work which may seem impossible when one looks at a catalog where pink, magenta, yellow, gold and brown are all shown side-by-side, but experiencing a display in a greenhouse with the low angle of autumn sunlight, somehow it all seems ‘right’. Even to a color geek like me.

The effect as the sun began to set was insanely beautiful, and I felt bad that no one could enjoy it except us.

I added some vintage Japanese lanterns to the greenhouse this year (not real Japanese cultural ones, but rather mid-century interpretations of Japanese-style generic Asian paper lanterns – the sort exported to the West for party decorations in the 50’s, and probably for Chinese restaurants – crazy Americans! They are still pretty, in a naive way, but they remind me that I really do need to get some authentic Japanese lanterns into a collection (they are just too expensive for me right now!). So I will settle on kitsch as long as it is vintage.

The cascade mums had tons of blooms. I am always impressed at how the colors blend well together – pink, gold, brown and yellow never looked so in-season.

As nightfall comes, the lanterns are fitted with candles which will illuminate the greenhouse and transform it into a very special experience. Sadly, only I saw it this evening, and of course, Doodles who joined me, as she hunted for mice.

Spoon-shaped mums are beautiful. I trained this variety ‘Maryl’ into multiple sprays.

I did add a few Ikea lanterns as well, which were solar powered. Nothing like a little high-tech to break the mood, but they were on sale and fit the budget.

Speaking of budgets – here are a few embarrassing pics of the kitchen remodel. Maybe I should do a post on this? Before and after? How we did the entire project for less than 10k?

Now, as for the house remodel. Here is what I am dealing with. It’s a low-budget kitchen remodel which involved breaking down a wall between the old dining room and an already pretty large kitchen which my parents had remodeled in the 1940’s. Yes, it required removal of one of my dad’s murals but I saved the family members who are in it.

About that mural – my father was a WPA muralist in the 1930’s through the 1950’s (that’s him in the green coat behind the clock, along with my mother, my sister and my two brothers. I wasn’t born for another ten years (oops!), so I am not in the mural. We lost about 8 feet of the mural, but opening up the two rooms to create a massive space is so nice.

The frame for a new book case for cook books – I can’t wait to get rid of the blue tile from the 1950’s!

Now the kitchen space will be nearly 60 feet long, enough for two farm tables maybe. Right now, if feels that it will never be done however.  I’ve been so depressed because I cannot cook (since October!), and I am sick and tired of the project.  The handprinted cabinets by my dad are being preserved and shared with other  family members.

Happy December!

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